Trade agreements
Research Topic
Language: English
This is a research topic created to provide authors with a place to attach new problem publications.
Research problems linked to this topic
- Supply chain resilience: more comprehensive evidence on the supply chain relationships between companies in the UK and those in other countries, as well as evidence on the potential impact of supply chain restrictions.
- What are the main barriers of the UK's bilateral trade with partner countries? How do non-tariff and tariff barriers impact trade?
- How can aviation best facilitate trade?
- How can we best evaluate the impact of DIT’s campaigns and events on businesses?
- How can we best characterise the attitudes and behaviours of UK exporters, to inform our understanding of the internationalisation process for SMEs?
- How do non-UK businesses and publics perceive the UK as a trade and/or investment partner?
- How do the public’s attitudes towards globalisation vary, and what drives these differences?
- How do the public view the trade-offs that trade agreements bring, in relation to consumer choice, prices and employment by sector? How do these perceptions vary by partner country?
- How are perceptions of international trade affected by the inclusion of sustainability and welfare provisions in trade agreements?
- What factors affect public perceptions of trade and how does this differ by specific groups, sectors and regions?
- How can we use novel datasets to understand capital investment needs across the UK, including by sector and region?
- What methods are best to isolate the impact of one service provided by the DIT service from others we provide?
- How can we evaluate additionality of government support in investment promotion?
- Which statistical methods can help reconcile foreign investment and trade asymmetries between partner countries?
- Which countries excel at facilitating the commercialisation and export of new technologies and why?
- How does investment and export promotion engage with varied supply chains, given small and medium enterprise internationalisation?
- To what extent can the private sector deliver investment promotion together with DIT?
- To what extent can investment promotion optimise UK export markets? What are the limits to intervention under specific conditions of market failure?
- How can barriers to foreign investment (including business procedures) be most effectively identified and addressed?
- How can advances in communication technologies be used to inform our understanding of trade in digital services?
- How can restrictions on trade in services be effectively measured across sectors, given data limitations?
- How can we effectively measure levels of ‘servitisation’ and ‘servicification’? [footnote 1]
- What is the potential of ledger technology for the measurement of financial services trade?
- What is international best practice to define and measure trade in services? This may include digital trade, e-commerce and cross-border data flows.
- How can the categorisation and measurement of trade in services by the modes of supply be developed and optimised?
- How much of an obstacle is cyber-security in the development of the UK’s digital trade capacity?
- Which technologies are most likely to disrupt the pattern of global trade and investment in the coming decades and what impact will they have on productivity growth?
- How do businesses adapt their delivery of services between the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 4 Modes of Supply? To what extent are the four GATS 4 Modes of Supply compliments or substitutes?
- What impact do restrictions on data flows and data localisation requirements have on trade?
- What are implications of advances in communications technologies for trade in services?
- How important is geography, culture and language for trade in services, and how does this compare to that of trade in goods?
- How are changes in technology impacting the tradability of different services, the cost of trade in services and the ways in which services are traded?
- To what extent do barriers to goods trade affect services trade and vice versa?
- How can we best evaluate the barriers to trade in services and their impact on trade flows?
- How can open source data, big data and data science techniques inform us about the emerging trends in trade across different sectors?
- How can shipping and freight data be used to complement our understanding of the Rotterdam effect and trade flows international hubs?
- How can we assess how much value is created in each stage of a global supply chain and how do “smile curves” vary across products and sectors? For example, how can we estimate the value of intellectual property within global supply chains?
- How can the Trade in Value Added (TiVA) dataset inform our understanding about regional or global supply chains, including re-manufactured goods?
- What is best practice in developing the international classifications underpinning trade measurement – including product codes for goods, classifications for services and their relationship to sectors?
- Which methods best evaluate of a country’s regions and sectors of dynamic comparative advantage?
- Which criteria are most effective in establishing long-term sectoral growth potential?
- What factors make countries and regions attractive as destinations for investment in high potential, early stage, technology-based entrepreneurs?
- How are emerging digital services and technologies likely to affect the future of exports and supply chains across sectors?
- How can we best establish which UK research and technology organisations are undertaking work for overseas companies, and which have operations outside of the UK?
- How can comparative advantage inform future trade and investment interests across regions and sectors? What are the limits of comparative advantage here?
- How can we evaluate additionality of government support in trade facilitation?
- How can we isolate the impact of export finance on trade in specific goods and services?
- How can various data sources inform how we identify and target support to large businesses which are high value or volume UK exporters?
- How can we best measure the impact of large exporters at a sub-regional level (for example, agglomeration effects, supply chain effects)? How can we measure the structure and interactions in the supply chain in exporting sectors?
- What further data sources could help us build a more complete picture of the exporter journey?
- Using regional and local studies, what is the impact of export finance services on localised markets? How does export finance services support regional growth and development?
- How do UK businesses compare with non-UK businesses in their use of trade finance and credit insurance?
- What impact do non-bank financial institutions providing export finance have on national financial markets?
- How does export finance help in developing an integrated supply chain?
- What are the best practices for the design and evaluation of export finance products and services?
- What are the global trends developments in the variety and scale of export finance products and services?
- How much does UK businesses’ ability to offer financing options for their products affect their likelihood of exporting and competitiveness?
- To what extent does evidence support the case for selective export promotion policy?
- To what extent is export support for large businesses effective in providing opportunities for small businesses in the UK supply chain? How regionally specific is this relationship?
- What factors have historically been important to identify large businesses which are high value or volume exporters? To what extent are these factors sector specific?
- What is the impact of large exporters on the UK economy beyond exports (for example. national and regional growth such as employment, investments, R&D, productivity and GVA)?
- What is the effect on wages, employment and survival on UK exporters versus non exporters?
- What is the productivity premium on exporters versus non-exporters in the UK?
- What is the persistent of exporting businesses in a market? What characteristics impact longevity of exporters in a market?
- What are the wider impacts associated with exporting, beyond firms directly affected? How does this vary by business size, export experience and sector?
- To what extent do business strategies include exporting as a means of achieving business growth? How does this vary by business characteristics?
- How can we effectively measure the long-term sectoral impacts of shifting consumer preferences for greener goods?
- How can specific provisions in trade agreements be effectively evaluated in terms of benefits to developing countries?
- What measurement approaches should be used to evaluate the impact of market access barriers on sustainable development?
- How much has trade increased/decreased global emissions, through improving production processes and accentuating market failures?
- What impact would the introduction of carbon border taxes have on regional trade flows?
- How can DIT use ODA for response to COVID-19 crisis and recovery?
- What specific trade and investment policy interventions are most effective in creating inclusive growth for both UK and developing countries?
- How can data flows be rapidly improved, promoting data sharing across research, government and industry to allow secure collaboration?
- How can we best model the impact of trade policy at a sub-national level (for example, by specific groups, sectors, and regions)?
- What is the capacity for increasing exports in those parts of the country where the levelling up agenda is particularly focused on?
- How useful is comparative advantage when identifying and evaluating opportunities across UK regions and sectors?
- To what extent do international trade expos help build the reputation of the UK and its regional strengths as a destination for international projects?
- How can we evaluate the performance of trade policy in delivering regional growth and international development?
- In response to a trade shock, what innovative approaches to support data collection, dissemination and application can be taken, without burdening businesses and frontline staff?
- What is the role of inward and outward investment in economic performance indicators, for example national and regional growth, employment, and macroeconomic stability?
- Which domestic policy levers can best address the externalities of trade reform, including impact on and adjustments costs to specific groups, sectors, and regions?
- What approaches can best measure injury to domestic producers from imports, in the context of targeting trade remedies? How can the direct and wider impacts of trade remedies be measured, including across sectors, regions and supply chains?
- What are the most effective dispute settlement mechanisms within trade agreements? What scope is there for innovation?
- What conclusions can be drawn from patterns of anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard activity in previous business cycles? What lessons emerge from COVID-19 and recovery?
- What are the wider impacts associated with trade remedy measures, beyond firms directly affected?
- To what extent are trade remedies effective in protecting domestic production and employment? How regionally specific is this relationship?
- To what extent are trade remedies – applied under WTO agreements and bilaterally as part of free trade agreements – effective in achieving their stated objectives. How do they affect trade flows (including where jurisdictions adopt different duties)?
- What insights does the academic literature provide on the economics of trade remedies, and issues that have arisen in recent World Trade Organization (WTO) disputes, including subsidies and market distortions?
- How can we codify and measure the impact of non-regulatory barriers to trade, such as exchange rates, language, cultural, and geographical barriers?
- How can we best evaluate the impact of non-tariff, regulatory measures to trade in goods, including technical barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures?
- Where non-tariff measures behave as fixed costs to trade, how can these be most effectively incorporated in trade modelling?
- How can we better measure interactions of regulations and how they adapt in response to innovation?
- How can we quantify the impact of individual barriers on trade and investment?
- How can we measure the market access restrictiveness of a country from a UK perspective?
- How can various data sources inform how we identify, address and resolve market access barriers relating to goods, services and foreign investment?
- To what degree do barriers to procurement affect UK export and investment performance?
- To what extent are intellectual property rights enforced where there is infringement, and how practices differ across sector and business size?
- How does protection of intellectual property by patents, trademarks or design rights affect trade flows in across industries and business sizes?
- Does international regulatory cooperation help reduce regulatory barriers to trade in innovative products and services?
- To what extent does the use of international standards particularly facilitate trade with developing, low and middle-income countries?
- To what extent does the use of voluntary standards facilitate or restrict trade? How does this vary by country and sector?
- To what extent can market access barriers in some sectors have wider impact on trade in other sectors?
- How can we value non-FTA agreements (including the Government Procurement Agreement and mutual recognition agreements), in terms of total impact?
- How can trade agreements effectively incorporate the interests of regulatory agencies?
- How can we evaluate economic impact of customs and trade facilitation procedures following trade agreements?
- How can we best evaluate economic impact of including sectoral annexes to chapters in trade agreements?
- To what extent are the provisions in trade agreements utilised in practice? Which sectors or businesses are most likely to use them?
- How can we understand the value of provisions on mutual recognition of conformity assessment in trade agreements?
- How effective have existing trade agreements been in reducing the trade restrictiveness of non-tariff measures?
- Which elements of trade agreements have historically had the greatest impact on trade flows?
- How can global demand shocks (including for emergency and medical supplies) be best modelled, accounting for uncertainty?
- How can finance, logistics and other data be brought together to accurately track the ordering and delivery of emergency supplies through supply chains including medical supplies?
- How can geospatial analysis and mapping help monitor trade patterns during recovery and target business support?
- How can policy measures best encourage and support businesses to recover and return to international trade post-crisis, given differing attitudes to risk?
- How can the UK best uphold the global rules-based system to support trade recovery?
- What impact have technological and geopolitical changes had on global investment trends and has this altered investor sentiment?
- How can we best evaluate how businesses receive DIT’s communications, in terms of awareness, appeal and clarity?
- How can insights from behavioural economics and nudge theory inform business engagement with DIT products and services?
- What is the best way to track and measure the value of DIT’s service interventions?
- What is the relationship between easing and removing foreign investment restrictions and export performance bilaterally?
- What is the fragmentation impact of disparate data standards and regulations being developed globally?
- What impact do regulatory barriers have on trade in services?
- What are the best ways to measure business perceptions of risk in relation to exporting post COVID-19?
- How do delays in obtaining finance affect international buyers’ confidence in UK exporters?
- What is the relative value of light touch, digital or automated support services in foreign investment support versus intensive face-to-face services?
- What further data sources could help us build a more complete picture of the investor journey, including who is involved?