fossil fuel
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- Electricity production is responsible for 32% of total global fossil fuel use, accounting for 132 EJ, and 41%, or 10.
- With the objectives of climate change mitigation and energy independence, energy crops have been proposed as an alternative to fossil fuels. However, these raise issues of their own, such as water demand.
- Greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for individual cities in large metropolitan areas is confounded by spatial scale and boundary effects that impact the allocation of transportation fuels used for surface transport and airline travel.
- The optimization of biomass gasification should be studied with advanced models to evaluate the effect of the operating conditions, quantify the by-products (CO2, CH4, tar) and compare different reactor configurations.
- The heavy reliance on fossil fuels, especially oil and gas has triggered the global energy crisis.
- Oil shale, a fine-grained sedimentary rock, contains a proportionally large amount of kerogen, which can be converted into oil by thermal degradation of the compacted rock.
- Fossil fuels need to be replaced with alternative energy sources.
- Replacement of fossil fuels by hydrogen in motor vehicles throughout the world is postulated to occur over the next 50 years as mass production of fuel-cell engines accelerates.
- Today, increasing levels of water demand become a particularly serious challenge for many countries, especially since water is an essential element for production of transportation fuels.