environmental toxicant
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- Petroleum can pollute pristine shorelines as a consequence of accidental spills or chronic leaks.
- Medical waste represents a significant health risk and an environmental pollution concern due to its hazardous characteristics.
- Organophosphates (OPs) are toxic chemicals commonly used as pesticides and herbicides.
- Marine debris, particularly plastic debris is a ubiquitous global pervasive problem.
- Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) are organic contaminants that tend to accumulate in fish.
- The presence of pesticide residues in fruit has been of extensive concern worldwide.
- Karenia mikimotoi is a toxic dinoflagellate that forms harmful blooms in coastal waters, threatening aquaculture worldwide.
- Contamination of drinking water due to fluoride is a severe health hazard problem.
- Mercury (Hg) is a well-known neurotoxin, and has been more recently studied specifically as an immunotoxin.
- Today, one of the main leading global problems is the presence of different pollutants in the environment.
- The hazard to fieldworkers from the residues of organophosphate pesticides is a classic occupational health issue.
- Toxicity is still a major public health issue associated with cancer and other health disorders.
- Marine oil spills are catastrophic events that cause massive damage to ecosystems at all trophic levels.
- Nanomaterial toxicity is currently a major concern and could potentially hamper the advancement of nanotechnology development.
- 2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a ubiquitous environmental toxin, has been shown to cause a human skin pathology called chloracne.
- Sulfur mustard (2,2-dichlorodiethyl sulfide, SM) is one of the vesicant classes of chemical warfare agents that causes blistering in the skin and mucous membranes, where it can have lingering long-term effects for up to ten years (1).
- Determination of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and interpretation of the results of research on them is a challenge for both clinical and forensic toxicologists.
- Within meso/eutrophic freshwater ecosystems the dominance of cyanobacterial blooms during summer months has substantial impacts on ecosystem function with the production of toxins and subsequent induction of hypoxia altering food web structures and biogeochemical cycles.
- The exploitation of petroleum oil generates a considerable amount of produced water or petroleum waste effluent (PWE) that is contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including Benzoapyrene (BaP).
- Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a recently identified and persistent organic pollutant that becomes enriched in living organisms via bioaccumulation and the food chain.
- Human daily exposure to various chemical and biological agents is growing due to modern life, and most of these chronic or acute exposures lead to important recognized toxicities.